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Psychoanalytic criminology is a method of studying crime and criminal behaviour that draws from Freudian psychoanalysis. This school-of-thought examines personality and the psyche (particularly the unconscious) for motive in crime.〔 Other areas of interest are the fear of crime and the act of punishment. Criminal behaviour is attributed to maladjustment and dysfunctional personality. According to Buhagiar, "psychoanalytic criminologists were not adverse to the principle of confinement, and often favored increased penality".〔 ==History== Psychoanalytic criminology may be said to have begun with a 1911 study of parricide;〔(The Development of Psychoanalytic Criminology )〕 but its real foundation came in 1916 when Freud published ''Criminality from a Sense of Guilt'', in which he maintained that many criminals were driven by an unconscious guilt which ''preceded'' the crime and led to a need for punishment.〔 In applying psychoanalysis to the question of ''determining'' guilt or innocence in any given case, Freud was insistent however that analysis could only identify the guilty impulse, not necessarily the act itself.〔J. Halliday/P. Fuller, ''The Psychology of Gambling'' (1974) p. 168〕 Another major contribution came in 1929 with the book by Franz Alexander and Hugo Staub entitled ''The Criminal, the Judge and the Public''.〔Thomas S. Szasz, ''Law, Liberty and Psychiatry'' (1963) p. 94〕 They drew a clear distinction between the normal criminal, for whom retribution was appropriate, and the neurotic criminal who needed treatment instead.〔Szasz, p. 93〕 Otto Fenichel added the point that while some criminals actively sought punishment to relive their unconscious guilt, others sought to ''avoid'' punishment in order to prove their guilt feelings were unjustified.〔Otto Fenichel, ''The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis'' (1946) p. 499〕 He also stressed that criminality was a legal, not a psychological category, and considered most criminals were normals rather than neurotics (if still with unconscious motivations and possible lacks in normal consciences).〔Fenichel, p. 505〕 Psychoanalytic criminology was further developed by August Aichhorn, Melanie Klein, Fritz Redl, and David Wineman.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Psychoanalytic criminology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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